自由实在论:康德伦理学的新解读
作者简介:张会永,厦门大学哲学系教授(福建厦门 361005)
基金项目:
本文系国家社会科学基金一般项目“康德的元伦理学思想研究”(21BZX110)的阶段性成果
摘要: 近年来,对康德伦理学进行实在论解读的研究越来越多,这些解读模式大致可以划分为“法则实在论”和“价值实在论”。但是,在批评家看来,法则实在论解读无法解释道德法则在康德伦理学中并不具有根本性和基础性的难题,而价值实在论解读却在如何论证价值本身的来源上陷入了困境。对康德伦理学可提出一种“自由实在论”的解读模式,这种自由的实在论在本体论上是一种基础的、关系的、本质的和心灵依赖的实在论,在认识论上是一种实践认知主义的实在论。这种解读模式不仅具有文本的可靠性和理论的合理性,还能够有效地化解上述两种实在论解读面临的解释困难,同时也能应对来自道德形而上学、道德认识论和道德心理学方面的质疑,因而是对康德伦理学的一种更加可取的解读模式。
Freedom Realism: A New Interpretation of Kant's Ethics
Abstract: In recent years,there has been an increasing number of studies on the realist interpretation of Kant's ethics.These interpretation models can generally be classified into “law realism” and “value realism”.However,from the perspective of critics,the law realist interpretation fails to explain the problem that moral laws do not have fundamental and foundational status in Kant's ethics,while the value realist interpretation gets into a predicament in how to prove the origin of value itself.This article attempts to propose a “freedom realist” interpretation for Kant's ethics.This realism is ontologically a fundamental,relational,non-natural and mind-dependent realism,and epistemologically a practical cognitivist realism.This interpretation model not only has the reliability of the text and the rationality of the theory,but also can effectively resolve the difficulties faced by the above two realist interpretations,and can also respond to the doubts from moral metaphysics,moral epistemology and moral psychology,thus providing a more preferable interpretation model for Kant's ethics.