Abstract: The practical development of productive forces drives theoretical innovation in productive forces, and theoretical innovation in turn promotes their practical development. This paper, based on the analytical logic of Marx and Engels' theory of productive forces, expounds the theory of new quality productive forces from the integrated perspective of orientation theory, representation theory, generation theory, and guarantee theory. It holds that the orientation theory of new quality productive forces is to provide a productivity foundation for advancing Chinese modernization: the representation theory is the trinity of micro-level enterprise behavior, meso-level industrial structure, and macro-level national economy: the generation theory refers to the synergistic effort of technological innovation on the supply side, household consumption on the demand side, and market efficiency on the transformation side: and the guarantee theory is the dynamic combination of the fundamental institutions, the basic economic systems, and key economic systems. The theory of new quality productive forces is a systematic and innovative theory of productive forces. In international comparison, the development of new quality productive forces in China reflects the unity of "universality" and "uniqueness", and methodologically demonstrates full alignment with the "Six Principles that Must Be Upheld". The theory of new quality productive forces holds significant theoretical and practical value for China's modernization endeavor.