何以感通：“将心比心”与“主体间性理解”之辨
How the Empathy is Possible: The Distinction between “Heart to Heart” and “Intersubjective Understanding”
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摘要: 现象学社会学以“主体间性”“现象学还原”等概念或方法扩展了理解社会学的视野，对科学主义的主客二元思维也有纠偏的意义。在方法论上，儒家视域下的“将心比心”与“主体间性理解”有一定相似之处，如“悬置”既定标准或规则、以感性直观达至共识性理解。二者的区别主要体现在：主体间性理解由对主客二元预设的反思而来，而将心比心则基于对人与人、人与社会之内外关系的认识；主体间性理解的“主体”是个体超越性的，而将心比心的“主体”是关系扩展性的；“面对他者”的主体间性理解以彼岸式的宗教精神为根基，而将心比心则在日常生活中生发和扩展，其关键是“己心”的激发和外推。辨识“将心比心”和“主体间性理解”及其深层预设的差异，有助于深入理解中国人行动的情理逻辑。
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关键词:
- 现象学社会学｜主体间性理解｜将心比心
Abstract: Phenomenological sociology expands the view of interpretive sociology with the concepts or methods of “intersubjectivity” and “phenomenological reduction”,which has the significance of correcting the subject-object dualism in scientism.In terms of methodology,there are some similarities between heart-to-heart from the perspective of Confucianism and intersubjective understanding,such as suspending established standards or rules and reaching consensus understanding with perceptual intuition.The differences between the two are mainly reflected in the following aspects: Firstly,intersubjective understanding is derived from the reflexivity of subject-object duality,while heart-to-heart(“将心比心”) is based on the understanding of the internal-external relations between individual and society.Secondly,the “subject” of intersubjective understanding is individual,while the “subject” of heart-to-heart is relational.Thirdly,the intersubjective understanding of facing the other is based on the religious spirit,while heart-to-heart is generated and expanded in daily life.The key of heart-to-heart is the stimulation and extrapolation of self-heart.Identifying the differences between heart-to-heart and intersubjective understanding and their deep presuppositions will help us to understand the emotive logic of Chinese peoples socal actions.-
Key words:
- phenomenological sociology
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