Complexity and the Reconstruction of Public Administration
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Available Online:
2023-02-20
CLC number: D0
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Rhodes, “Complexity Theory and Public Management: a ‘Becoming’ Field,” Public Management Review, 2018(7), pp. 949-959.Christopher Ansell and Robert Geyer, “Pragmatic Complexity’ a New Foundation for Moving Beyond ‘Evidence-Based Policy Making’ ?” Policy Studies, 2017(2), pp. 149-167.Peter Allen, Steve Maguire and Bill McKelvey, SAGE Handbook of Complexity and Management, London: SAGE, 2011.Stefano Battiston, J. Doyne Farmer and Andreas Flache, “Complexity Theory and Financial Regulation,” Science, 2016, 351(6275), pp. 818-819.Tim Blackmore, Placing Health: Neighbourhood Renewal, Health Improvement and Complexity, Polity Press, 2006.Brent Davis and Dennis Sumara, Complexity and Education: Inquiries into Learning, Teaching, and Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.参见米歇尔·沃尔德罗普：《复杂：诞生于秩序与混沌边缘的科学》，陈玲译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997年。混沌是指确定性系统中存在的内在随机性，处于混沌边缘意味着系统内存在着不确定性。钱学森、于景元、戴汝为：《一个科学新领域−开放的复杂巨系统（包括社会系统）及其方法论》，《自然杂志》1990年第1期。任佩瑜、张莉、宋勇：《基于复杂性科学的管理熵、管理耗散结构理论及其在企业组织与决策中的作用》，《管理世界》2001年第6期。Robert Geyer and Samir Rihani, Complexity and Public Policy: a New Approach to Twenty-First Century Politics, Policy and Society, Routledge, 2010.Michel Baranger, Chaos, Complexity, and Entropy, New England Complex Systems Institute, 2000.需要说明的是agent与actor在英文世界的作品中也较难进行区分，甚至进行混用。但也有学者尝试提出二者概念的区别，认为agent在复杂性理论中应该优于actors，因为行动者是活跃的实体：他们表现出适应性行为，能够适应不断变化的环境。而actor则被认为是被动的，因为他们处理信息，但不寻求适应系统。参见Geert Teisman, Arwin V. Buuren and Lasse M.Gerrit, Managing Complex Governance Systems: Dynamics, Self-Organization and Coevolution in Public Investments, Routledge, 2009. 本文在中文语境中使用“能动者”的概念是从语义的角度为突出主动性而使用的，而英文单词的选用则按照复杂性理论者通常使用的词汇agent。在管理科学或其他自然科学领域也多将其译为“智能体”。Rumelhart, D. E. Schemata, The Building Blocks of Cognition, Erlbaum Associates, 1980, pp. 33-58.Morçöl Göktuğ, A New Mind for Policy Analysis: Toward a Post-Newtonian and Postpositivist Epistemology and Methodology, Westport: Praeger. 2002, pp. 13-17.Niklas Luhmann, Social systems, Stanford University Press, 1995.参见亚里士多德：《政治学》，吴寿彭译，北京：商务印书馆，1965年。Stuart Kauffman, At Home in the Universe-The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, Oxford University Press, 1995.Paul Cilliers, Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems, Routledge, 1998, pp. 90.Paul Cilliers, Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems, Routledge, 1998, pp. 90.这一过程也可以被理解为涌现，将在后文中进一步阐述。Geert Teisman, Arwin V. Buuren and Lasse M. Gerrit, Managing Complex Governance Systems: Dynamics, Self-Organization and Coevolution in Public Investments, Routledge, 2009, pp. 1-16.Tominomori K. “Self-Organization Theory and Its Applicability to ‘Economic System’ ,” Economic Journal Of Hokkaido University, 2002(31), pp. 41-62.Arthur Koestler, The Ghost in Machine, Huchinson, 1905, pp. 383.Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos: Man’ s New Dialogue with Nature, Bantam Books, 1984.Anderson Philip. Complexity Theory and Organization Science, Organization Science, 1999(3), pp. 216-232.霍布斯：《利维坦》，黎思复等译，北京：商务印书馆，2011年。James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, Havard University Press, 1994.John H. Holland, Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Basic Books, 1998.Mark Kuperberg, “The Two Faces of Emergence in Economics,” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2007, pp. 49-63.John H. Holland, Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Basic Books, 1998,.R. Keith Sawyer, Social Emergence: Societies as Complex Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2005.Joshua M. Epstein and Robert L. Axtell, Growing Artifi Cial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom up, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996.PhilipAnderson, “Complexity Theory and Organization Scienc,” Organization Science, 1999, pp. 216-232.Thomas C. Schelling, Micromotive and Macrobehavior, WW Norton & company, 1978.Philip W. Anderson, “More is different,” Science, 1972, pp. 393-396.参见Robert Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton University Press, 1997.John H. Holland., Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Basic Books, 1995, p. 11.Sawyer R. Keith, Social Emergence: Societies as Complex Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 95-97.Julian le Grand and Clifford S. 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51 Paul K. MacDonald, “Useful Fiction or Miracle Maker: The Competing Epistemological Foundations of Rational Choice Theory,” American Political Science Review, 2003, pp. 551-565.52 让−雅克·卢梭：《社会契约论》，吴迎娅编译，北京：民主与建设出版社，2018年。53 Melanie Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, 2009.54 Melanie Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, 2009.55 Eppel and Elizabeth., “Complexity Thinking in Public Administration’ s Theories-in-Use,” Public Management Review, 2017, pp. 1-17.56 Jean G. Boulton, Peter M. Allen and Cliff Bowman, Embracing Complexity: Strategic Perspectives for an Age of Turbulence, Oxford University Press, 2015.57 参见Public Management Review, No. 3, 2008.58 Lasse Gerrits and Peter Marks “How the Complexity Sciences Can Inform Public Administration: An Assessment,” Public Administration, 2015, pp. 539-546.59 Ansell Christopher and Geyer Robert “ ‘Pragmatic Complexity’ a New Foundation for Moving Beyond ‘Evidence-Based Policy Making’ ?” Policy Studies,2017, pp. 149-167.60 Peter Allen, Steve Maguire and Bill McKelvey, SAGE Handbook of Complexity and Management, London: SAGE, 2011.61 Fligstein Neil “Sense Making and the Emergence of a New Form of Market Governance: the Case of the European Defense Industry,” American Behavioral Scientist, 2006, pp. 949-960.62 Wagenaar Hendrik, “Governance, Complexity, and Democratic Participation,” The American Review of Public Administration, 2007, pp. 17-50.63 Wagenaar Hendrik, “Governance, Complexity, and Democratic Participation,” The American Review of Public Administration, 2007, pp. 17-50.64 Levi Faur, and David, The Oxford Handbook of Governance, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 129-142.65 Geyer Robert and Rihani Samir, Complexity and public policy: A new approach to 21st century politics, policy and society, Routledge, 2010.66 Geyer Robert, “Beyond the Third Way: the science of complexity and the politics of choice,” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2003, pp. 37-257.67 Göktuğ Morçöl, A Complexity Theory for Public Policy, Routledge, 2012.68 Murray Gell-Mann, What is Complexity? Complexity, 1995, pp. 16-19.69 Göktuğ Morçöl, “A New Systems Thinking: Implications Of The Sciences Of Complexity For Public Policy And Administration,” Public Administration Quarterly, No. 3/4, 2005.70 Robert Geyer, Paul Cairney, Handbook on Complexity and Public Policy, Edward Elgar. 2015, pp. 19-31.71 Koppenjan Jfm., “Complexity in Governance Network Theory,” Complexity, Governance & Networks, 2014, pp. 61-75.72 Robert Geyer, Paul Cairney, Handbook on Complexity and Public Policy, Edward Elgar. 2015, pp. 19-31.73 Harris Neville “Complexity in the Law and Administration of Social Security: is it Really a Problem?” Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law, 2015, pp. 1-19.74 Paul Spicker, How Social Security Works: An Introduction to Benefits in Britain, Policy Press, 2011.75 Eppel Elizabeth Anne and Mary L. Rhodes, “Complexity Theory and Public Management: a ‘Becoming’ Field,” Public Management Review, 2018, pp. 1-11.76 Matthew Jones, “A Complexity Science View Of Modern Police Administration,” Public Administration Quarterly, 2008, pp. 433-457.77 Eppel Elizabeth Anne and Mary L. Rhodes, “Complexity Theory and Public Management: a ‘Becoming’ Field,” Public Management Review, 2018, pp. 1-11.78 Ansell Christopher and Geyer Robert, “ ‘Pragmatic Complexity’ a New Foundation for Moving Beyond ‘Evidence-Based Policy Making’ ?” Policy Studies, 2017, pp. 149-167.79 Cairney Paul and Geyer Robert, “A Critical Discussion of Complexity Theory: How Does ‘Complexity Thinking’ Improve Our Understanding of Politics and Policy Making?” Complexity, Governance and Networks, 2017, p. 1.80 Lester M. 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Siebeck, 1999.89 保罗·西利亚斯：《复杂性与后现代主义−理解复杂系统》，曾国屏译，上海：上海世纪出版集团，2006年，第156—159页。90 张康之：《公共行政的行动主义》，南京：江苏凤凰出版集团公司，2014年，第72页。91 后现代主义口中的正统公共行政，在文献的意义上通常是指涉威尔逊（政治与行政二分）、泰勒（科学管理）和韦伯（科层制）的理论。92 美国社会学家奥格本在1923年出版的《社会变迁》中，提出“文化堕距”概念，来说明在社会变迁中由于社会各部分变化的速度不同，文化集丛中的一部分落后于其他部分而呈现迟滞的现象。93 何艳玲：《公共行政学史》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2018年，第51页。94 Hugh T. Miller and Charles J. Fox, Postmodern Public Administration: Toward Discourse, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995.95 David John Farme, “Public Administration Discourse: A Matter of Style?” Administration and Society, 1999, pp. 299-320.96 Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: Report on Knowledge, University of Minnesota Press, 1984.97 Steven Seidman , Contested Knowledge: Social Theory in the Post-Odern Era, Basil Blackwell, 1998.98 Hugh T. Miller and Charles J. Fox, Postmodern Public Administration, M E Sharpe Inc, 2006. -
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摘要: 复杂性是现代公共行政面临的重要问题。复杂性理论对既有公共行政理论的分析概念和研究议题进行了重构，使其更能解释复杂公共事务的治理逻辑。复杂公共行政的研究既有助于重新理解复杂的行政环境，也有助于进一步了解组织的变革或政策过程。复杂公共行政的研究是对治理理论的继承与超越，它拓展了对多主体能动性特征、关系网络的形态、“微观−宏观”机制方面的理解，并为治理行为的发生寻找到了意义框架。复杂性理论在诸多立场上与后现代主义公共行政是一致的。建构一种复杂公共行政的分析范式，对于丰富和发展公共行政理论具有重要价值。Abstract: Complexity is an important problem facing modern public administration. The complexity theory reconstructs the analytical concepts and research topics of the existing public administration theories so as to better explain the governance logic of complex public affairs. The study of complex public administration contributes both to a new understanding of the complex administrative environment and to a better understanding of organizational change or policy processes. The study of complex public administration is the inheritance and transcendence of governance theory. It expands the understanding of the characteristics of multi-agent initiative, the form of relationship network, the “micro-macro” mechanism, and finds the meaningful framework for the occurrence of governance behavior. Complexity theory is consistent with postmodern public administration in many aspects. It is of great value to construct an analytical paradigm of complexity public administration to enrich and develop public administration theory.
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Key words:
- complexity /
- complexity public administration /
- governance theory /
- postmodernism
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