财产制度的演化与博弈——兼论数据财产的模式选择
作者简介:作者冉高苒,上海交通大学凯原法学院助理研究员 (上海 200030)。
基金项目:
本文系上海市哲学社会科学规划青年课题"公共数据授权运营的规则体系与运行机制研究"(2025EFX003)、国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20250450)的阶段性成果
摘要: 财产制度的核心，系在特定社会背景下资源治理需求经博弈均衡所达成的制度安排，其演进受外部制度环境与内部要素双重博弈影响。外部博弈表现为技术革新、经济变迁与资源价值演进，回应了财产客体由有形向无形的扩展;内部博弈表现为主体(数量)、客体(特征)与权利(策略)三维要素的动态平衡。面对数据财产化，传统物理主义与绝对主义范式暴露出根本局限。数据具有非竞争性、流动性与规模依赖性等不确定性，其财产化又涉及多元利益相关者共同创造价值。因此，数据财产化应采用治理范式。以利益相关者取代单一所有权人，以动态使用权配置取代排他赋权，依数据形态、规模与稀缺性变化构建开放灵活的财产治理体系，并通过可信流通机制实现数据价值最大化。
The Evolution and Game of Property Systems——On the Paradigm Choice for Data Property
Abstract: At its core, a property system constitutes an institutional arrangement achieved through game equilibrium to address resource governance needs within specific societal contexts. Its evolution is shaped by dual game mechanisms:externally, through interactions with the institutional environment manifested as technological innovations, shifting economic conditions, and evolving resource values-factors that propel the expansion of property objects from tangible to intangible forms; internally, through the dynamic equilibrium among the triadic elements of 'subject (quantity)- object (characteristics)-rights (strategies)' within the property structure. Confronting the challenges of data propertization, traditional physicalist and absolutist paradigms reveal fundamental limitations. As a form of property, data is characterized by uncertainties, including non-rivalry, fluidity, and scale-dependency, while its propertization involves collective participation of multiple stakeholders in value creation. Consequently, a governance paradigm should be adopted for data propertization:replacing the single-owner model with stakeholder collaboration, substituting exclusive entitlements for dynamic use-right configurations, and establishing an open, flexible property governance system responsive to changes in data morphology, scale, and scarcity. Maximizing data value necessitates implementing trusted circulation mechanisms.
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