The Rule of Gentleman,Bourgeois Capitalism,and Republicanism—— The Unique Path of State-building in Early Modern England

Max Weber’s analysis of the politics and economy in early modern England offers a comprehensive insight into its distinctive path of state-building.He highlights the role of the gentry in serving as the Justice of the Peace and Member of Parliament,which established a regime of local self-government.This not only shaped the constitution of early modern England but also facilitated the development of modern bourgeois capitalism.The critical moment was the English Civil War.The gentry,along with the bourgeois and other groups,united to resist the crown,thus deviating from the centralized and bureaucratic processes prevalent on the Continent.The active participation in public office,the equality between the gentlemen,and the ethical virtue of the gentry positioned them as the leaders and guardians of democracy in England.Returning to Weber’s insight not only helps us address the limitations of recent historical studies but also provides valuable resources for contemplating modern state-building.