物的归来:社会工作的“道德-物质”实践探究
作者简介:卫小将,中国人民大学社会学理论与方法研究中心教授 (北京 100872);王志豪,中国人民大学社会学理论与方法研究中心博士研究生 (北京 100872)。
基金项目:
本文系教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目 "新发展阶段社会政策体系建设研究"(22JJD840012)的阶段性成果。
摘要: 社会工作是以“人”为中心的专业,这导致“物”长期处于其理论边缘,内含的助人功能未能得到应有的重视和挖掘。为此,有必要将物带回社会工作研究的中心,通过阐释物在专业服务中的角色与价值,构建一种兼具伦理关怀和物质敏感性的实践模式。具体可以从三方面推进:一是厘清物质转向思潮对社会工作理论的启示,强调物不仅是工具性资源,还是能动的社会行动者;二是借助拟客体的概念,将社会工作实践中的物分为自然物、工具物、关系物和象征物等,并呈现各自在专业服务中的功能;三是反思社会工作理论“见人不见物”的根由,提出社会工作应超越单一的“人—人”道德实践,迈向更具伦理包容性的“人—物—场景”的“道德—物质”实践。这不仅可以拓展社会工作的理论边界,也可以为实务工作者提供更具整合性的干预思路。
The Return of Things: Exploring “Moral-Material” Practice in Social Work
Abstract: Social work is a profession centered on “people”, which has led to “things” being marginalized in its theoretical framework, with their inherent helping functions remaining undervalued and underexplored. Therefore, it is necessary to bring things back to the center of social work by explicating their roles and values in professional services, thereby constructing a practice model that integrates both ethical care and material sensitivity. The paper advances this argument through three dimensions:First, it clarifies the implications of the material turn in social sciences for social work theory, emphasizing that things are not merely instrumental resources but also agential social actors. Second, drawing on the concept of quasi-objects, it categorizes things in social work practice into natural objects, instrumental objects, relational objects, and symbolic objects, demonstrating their respective functions in professional services. Third, it reflects on the roots of social work theory's tendency to “see people but not things,” proposing that social work should transcend the singular “person-to-person” moral practice and move toward a more ethically inclusive “person-thing- context” “moral-material” practice. This approach not only expands the theoretical boundaries of social work but also provides practitioners with an integrative intervention framework.