摘要:
在对社会批判方法的讨论中,法兰克福学派批判理论依然坚守一种特殊的"内在批判"。内在批判不仅要求批判以对象自身的标准进行评判,还强调批判的内部标准必须具备普遍有效性。在证成内部标准的普遍有效性时,一种名为"构成性策略"的奠基方案被广泛采用。这一方案试图通过重构社会实践的构成性原则,为批判的规范标准奠定普遍有效的规范基础。然而,这一方案面临着难以解决的社会本体论与规范约束力方面的挑战。针对为规范标准最终奠基的困难,以弗赖恩哈根和萨尔为代表的当代学者,提出了通过放弃最终奠基方案来维持批判的尝试。尽管他们对流行的奠基方案提出了有力的批评,其解决方案却也存在诸多问题,因为这些方案最终还得依赖于某种奠基方案,而这些方案与他们的批判理论主张相矛盾。批判理论若要保持批判的维度,不能回避普遍证成自身批判标准的问题。在这一点上,基于门克阐述的"规范的悖谬"思想,能够勾勒出一种"新本体论奠基方案"。该方案不仅避免了预设无矛盾的社会存在状态,而且能够为批判提供充分的规范理由,从而有效回应了社会本体论与规范约束力的挑战。
Abstract:
In discussions of social critique methodologies, the Frankfurt School's critical theory continues to adhere to a distinctive form of 'immanent critique. ' Immanent critique not only demands that criticism be conducted according to the object's own standards but also emphasizes that the internal criteria of critique must possess universal validity. In justifying the universal validity of these internal standards, the 'constitutive strategy' has been widely adopted. This strategy attempts to establish a universally valid normative foundation for critical standards by reconstructing the constitutive principles of social practices. However, this approach faces unresolved challenges in social ontology and normative binding force. Confronting the difficulty of ultimately grounding normative standards, contemporary scholars such as Freyenhagen and Saar have proposed maintaining critique by abandoning the ultimate grounding project. While offering cogent critiques of prevailing grounding strategies, their solutions remain problematic, as they ultimately rely on certain grounding frameworks that contradict their theoretical claims about critique. To preserve the critical dimension, critical theory cannot evade the problem of universally justifying its own normative criteria. On this point, building upon Menke's conception of the 'paradox of norms, ' a 'new ontological grounding program' can be outlined. This approach not only avoids presupposing a contradiction-free social existence but also provides robust normative justification for critique, thereby effectively addressing the challenges of social ontology and normative binding force.
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