Abstract: Household is the cell of Chinese society and the basic unit of national governance. Households have strong autonomy and draw energy and vitality from it.Household autonomy is the internal initiative based on the needs of their own, including consciousness autonomy, goal autonomy and action autonomy. The important feature of China’s national governance is not the control of household units, but the identification and adjustment of household autonomy. The emergence of household autonomy is mainly due to the self-organization characteristics of household units, including the consanguinity of connection mode, the endogeneity of individual needs, the flexibility of organizational form and the externality of state power. Historically, it is the autonomous governance of household units that has provided impetus for the national governance of China. After entering modern times, the function of household as a unit of national governance has been weakened and even replaced for a time, but its intrinsic value has not been dispelled. In the process of promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity, we should attach great importance to the household unit and its autonomy value.