国家能力如何在运作中生成——国家治理的动态均衡模型
How State Capacity Is Generated in Practice——A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Governance
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摘要: 经典研究以西欧民族国家为基础，将“国家能力”发展为核心概念，并广泛用于发展中国家分析。然而，这类以能力起源为导向的比较研究，往往忽视第三世界国家能力生成的独特逻辑，难以解释在结构性条件基本不变时，同一国家为何在不同阶段或政策领域呈现差异化治理绩效。研究表明，国家能力是一种治理潜力，强调在多任务并行与结构性张力下，国家通过目标调整、资源集中与经验汲取，实现潜力向能力的转化。其绩效取决于政治统筹、行政落实与社会响应之间能否形成动态均衡，而这种均衡源于多重机制的组合与互动。
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关键词:
- 国家能力 /
- 动态均衡 /
- 政治统筹—行政落实—社会响应 /
- 过程—机制分析
Abstract: Classical scholarship,grounded in studies of Western European nation-states,has developed “state capacity” into a central concept in the social sciences and widely applied it to the analysis of developing countries. However,this body of cross-national research,primarily concerned with the origins of state capacity,often overlooks the distinctive logic of capacity formation in the Third World. As a result,it struggles to explain why,in the absence of significant changes in structural conditions,the same country may exhibit markedly different governance outcomes across historical periods or policy domains. Taking this puzzle as its point of departure,this article adopts a process-mechanism approach to trace causal linkages among concrete actions in governance. It conceptualizes state capacity as a form of governing potential and emphasizes how,under conditions of multiple concurrent tasks and structural tensions,the state transforms potential into effective capacity through goal adjustment,resource concentration,and experiential learning. The level of performance in this transformation depends on whether state actions at different stages can maintain a dynamic equilibrium among political coordination,administrative implementation,and societal response. Such equilibrium arises from the interaction and recombination of multiple mechanisms. In this way,the article moves beyond explanations that attribute variations in state capacity to static structural factors such as war or institutional design,and instead treats it as the outcome of a dynamic,interactive process. This shift not only enhances the explanatory power for governance variation in developing countries but also provides a testable analytical framework for understanding China's experience of state governance modernization. -
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