比例原则目的正当性审查方法新论——一个融合法经济学、商谈理论的视角
A New Discussion on the Justification Review Method of the Principle of Proportionality—— A Perspective that Integrates Law,Economics,and Negotiation Theory
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摘要: 恰当审查方法的缺失导致了目的正当性子原则的位阶争议，以及部分学者简单照搬普通法合理性原则判断目的不适当的方法到比例原则中产生审查错位、审查不足、过于主观和不准确等问题。解决问题的关键在于重构目的正当性的审查方法。可以“比较”这一比例原则、法经济学、商谈理论共通的方法融合三者，构建目的正当性审查的新思路。从“比较”思维出发，可将目的正当性审查相关目的归结为“实现（保障）权利（利益）之目的”“限制权利（利益）之目的”两类，并比较和审查其对应的客观、主观内容。在审查步骤上，应先对目的对应的客观内容量化和审查，再审查目的对应的主观内容。在审查标准上，基于卡尔多-希克斯改进，目的对应之客观内容经法经济学量化后的正当性审查标准是价值量上“实现（保障）”大于“限制”；目的对应之主观内容的审查则通过平等、自由的商谈实现。目的对应之客观、主观内容通过正当性审查时，目的为正当。可结合比例原则和法经济学各自有益之处，以比例原则、法经济学、商谈理论共通的“比较”方法为联结点进行融合，更好地认识和实践比例原则。Abstract: The lack of appropriate review methods has led to disputes over the hierarchy of the principle of legitimacy of purpose,as well as issues such as review misalignment,insufficient review,excessive subjectivity,and inaccuracy caused by some scholars simply copying the principle of reasonableness of common law to determine the inappropriate purpose in the principle of proportionality.The key to solving the problem lies in reconstructing the method of examining the legitimacy of the purpose.The principle of proportionality,the common methods of law and economics,and negotiation theory can be integrated to construct a new approach for examining the legitimacy of purposes.Starting from the “comparative” thinking,the purpose of examining the legitimacy of purposes can be classified into two categories: “the purpose of realizing (safeguarding) rights (interests)” and “the purpose of restricting rights (interests)”,and the corresponding objective and subjective content can be compared and examined.In the review process,the objective content corresponding to the purpose should be quantified and reviewed first,and then the subjective content corresponding to the purpose should be reviewed.In terms of examination standards,based on the improvement of Kaldor Hicks,the objective content corresponding to the legitimacy examination standard quantified by law and economics is that the value of “realization (protection)” is greater than “limitation”; The examination of subjective content corresponding to the purpose is achieved through equal and free negotiation.The objective and subjective content corresponding to the purpose has passed the legitimacy review,and the purpose is legitimate.By combining the advantages of the principle of proportionality and the principles of law and economics,and using the common “comparison” method of proportionality,law and economics,and negotiation theory as the connection point,we can better understand and practice the principle of proportionality.
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