论耗费的劳动与购买的劳动在价值理论中的作用
On Labour-Commanded and Labour-Embodied in Value Determination and Their Relation
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摘要: 经济思想史上普遍认为亚当·斯密的价值理论是二元或多元的，一方面，他提出耗费的劳动决定价值的单要素价值论；另一方面，他又指出购买的劳动和三种收入决定价值，形成了多要素价值论。由此，到底是耗费的劳动还是购买的劳动决定价值便成为经济学家长期争论的一个焦点。基于在全面准确理解斯密的耗费劳动说与购买劳动说的基础上，并对经济思想史上有关经济学家的观点和误解进行评析，力求在广义价值论框架下，对斯密的耗费劳动和购买劳动在价值决定和价值度量中的不同作用做进一步讨论。研究发现：（1）从个量微观的角度看，耗费的劳动与购买的劳动之比等于部门综合生产力之比；（2）从总量宏观的角度看，总价值=耗费的劳动总量=购买的劳动总量；（3）总价值等于总劳动这一命题也仅仅是就价值尺度而言的，并不能以此证明价值是单纯由劳动创造的。Abstract: In the history of economic thought, it is generally believed that Adam Smith has a dual or plural theory of value. On the one hand, he proposed a single-element theory of value that labor-commanded determines value; on the other hand, he pointed out that labor-embodied and three types of income co-determine value which composite as a multi-element theory of value. Therefore, whether labour-commanded or labor-embodied determines value becomes a focus of long-standing debate among economists. To have a comprehensive and accurate understanding of Smith’s labor-commanded theory and labor-embodied theory, this paper reviews and analyzes the related opinions and misunderstandings in the history of economic thought. Then, in the framework of the general theory of value, this paper further discusses the different roles of Smith’s labor-commanded and labor-embodied in value determination and value measurement. This paper concludes that from an individual micro point of view, the ratio of labor-commanded to labor-embodied is equal to the ratio of comprehensive productivity of the department; from an aggregative macro perspective, total value = total amount of labor-commanded = total amount of labor-embodied; and the proposition that total value equals to the total labor valid as the measurement of value, it cannot prove that value is created by labor alone.
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Key words:
- labor-commanded /
- labor-embodied /
- value determination /
- measure of value /
- general theory of value
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