将情景带回——社会科学研究“带回学派”的根隐喻
Bringing Context Back in——The Root Metaphor of the “Bringing Back” Approach in Social Science Research
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摘要: 20世纪后期以来，社会科学领域兴起一系列“带回……”的知识运动，从“带回国家”到“带回社会”“文化”“历史”乃至“万物”，构成回应学科单一分析路径与方法论还原主义危机的“带回学派”。其方法论根隐喻在于“将情景带回”。情景作为一种认知架构，一方面通过补足研究对象所处的被遮蔽条件与关系，从而强化因果机制识别与证据整合，发挥“倾向功能”；另一方面通过限定概念适用范围与理论边界，防止过度外推，从而发挥“阈值功能”。据此，本文提出“情景加—减”策略：加法用于纳入被忽视的机制与证据，提升解释的丰富性；减法用于收敛概念、机制和理论的适用范围，增强知识的稳健性。Abstract: Since the late twentieth century, the social sciences have seen a proliferation of 'bringing back' initiatives-from bringing the state back in to society, culture, history, and even everything. Together, these movements form what may be called the 'bringing back approach, ' a collective response to reductionism and overly narrow analytical paths. This paper argues that the root metaphor of this approach lies in bringing context back in. As a cognitive framework, context operates in two complementary ways:it strengthens causal identification and evidence integration 牗dispositional function 牘 by restoring obscured conditions and relationships, and it constrains overgeneralization 牗threshold function牘 by clarifying the scope of concepts and theories. Building on this dual role, the paper proposes an 'addition-subtraction' strategy-adding neglected mechanisms and evidence to enrich explanation, while subtracting to narrow theoretical scope and enhance robustness.
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