论哲学中的实践转向
On the Pragmatic Turn in Philosophy
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摘要: 在一般哲学层面上，可将沉思传统视作实践转向的质疑对象。亚里士多德是沉思传统的奠基人，他在古典三项（理论、实践和制作）之间确立了等级秩序，强调理论的至上地位。在历史衍化过程中，三项变为两项（理论和实践），这一重要的概念变迁在中世纪就已完成。对沉思传统的质疑，在哈贝马斯意义上的后形而上学时代开始之前就已全面展开。现代科学的兴起挑战了沉思传统，实验方法所体现的“技艺人的胜利”引发了双重倒转：制作和沉思之倒转，以及制作和实践之倒转。批判哲学强调实践理性之于理论理性的优先性，实现了实践和理论的倒转。理解实践转向的一种可能方案是：(1)恢复亚氏划分三项的识度，提出“古典三项的转进和重置”的思想主题，在此视角下审视历史，展开古今之辩；(2)区分发生优先性和价值优先性，汲取唯物史观的洞见，强调物质生产（制作活动）在发生上的优先性；(3)主张制作活动、实践活动和理论活动在价值上具有平等地位，强调三种活动的相对独立性和自主性，反对在它们之间相互还原。Abstract: On a general philosophical level,pace Richard Bernstein,I argue that the target of attack of the pragmatic turn is the contemplative tradition.Aristotle was the founder of the contemplative tradition.He established a hierarchical order in the trichotomy of theory,praxis,and poiesis,emphasizing the supremacy of theory.In the process of historical evolution,the trichotomy changed into the dichotomy of theory and practice.This important conceptual change was completed in the Middle Ages.The contemplative tradition had been called into question in full scale before the postmetaphysical era in the Habermasian sense started from mid-19th century.The rise of modern science challenged the contemplative tradition,and “the victory of homo faber” embodied in the experimental method triggered a twofold reversal: the reversal of poiesis and contemplation,and the reversal of praxis and poiesis.Kant’s critical philosophy emphasizes the primacy of practical reason over theoretical reason,realizing the reversal of praxis and theory.One possible understanding of the pragmatic turn which I want to propose is as follows.(1)Revitalize the Aristotelian trichotomy,explore the theme of “the transformation and the repositioning of the trichotomy”,and examine the history of mankind from this perspective.(2)Distinguish priority in genesis and priority in value,draw insights from historical materialism,and emphasize the priority of material production (poiesis) in genesis.(3)Advocate that productive activities,practical activities and theoretical activities have equal status in value,and emphasize the relative independence and autonomy of the three kinds of activities and oppose mutual reduction between them.
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