技能形成、技能形成体制及其经济社会学的研究展望
Skill Formation, Skill Formation System and Research Imagination of Economic Sociology
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摘要: 逆全球化回潮意味着全球生产价值链条秩序的重新洗牌，对于中国制造而言，依赖比较优势的传统发展模式面临着前所未有的挑战，其突出表现就是基于低技能、低成本的经济发展方式与社会平等之间的矛盾日益尖锐。在发达资本主义国家从劳动密集型迈向技术密集型发展方式的转型过程中，国家技能形成体制起到了最为核心的作用，成为其重要的比较制度优势。国家技能形成体制分为国家主义、市场主义、集体主义、以及分隔主义四种制度模式。这四种制度模式具有不同的制度特性，同时也会导致不同的经济社会后果。中国的国家技能形成体制呈现出明显的碎片化，其间的制度冲突已成为阻碍中国技能生产、劳工保护乃至国家制造业创新能力提升的深层制度根源。从人力资本形成走向技能形成、分析技术流动的社会断裂现象成为经济社会学相关领域研究的一个新增长点。Abstract: The reversal of globalization means the reshuffle of the order of global production value chains. For Chinese manufacturing, traditional development models that rely on comparative advantages face unprecedented challenges, notably the growing contradiction between low-skilled and low-cost economic development methods and social equality. In the process of transition from labor-intensive to technology-intensive development in developed capitalist countries, the formation of national skills has played the most vital role, based on its important comparative institutional advantages. National skill formation system is divided into four institutional models: statist skill formation system, liberal skill formation system, collective skill formation system, and segmentalist skill formation system. These four institutional models have different institutional characteristics, which can also lead to different economic and social consequences. China’s national skill formation system shows obvious fragmentation, and the institutional conflict has become the deep institutional root cause that hinders Chin’s skill production, labor protection and even the improvement of the country’s manufacturing innovation ability. The social fracture phenomenon from human capital formation to skill formation and analysis of technology flow has become a new growth point in economic sociological related fields.
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表 1 国家技能形成体制的类型表
资本
政治国家卷入 强 弱 企业卷入 强 集体主义技能形成体制 分隔主义技能形成体制 弱 国家主义技能形成体制 市场主义技能形成体制 资料来源：笔者根据Busemeyer and Trampusch，2012整理而成。 
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