中国现代国家建构的早期展开——基于“夷”字的概念史研究
The Early Formation of Chinese Modern State—— Perspective on the Semantics of “Yi” Character
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摘要: 清代对传统“华夷之辨”和“天下共主”观念的改造和摒弃，是中国现代国家建构过程中的两大步骤。这两大转变在18世纪中叶发生的“曾静—吕留良案”和“马嘎尔尼访华案”及此后事件中具有明显的体现。为消解曾静等汉族知识分子基于华夷之辨原则给清朝统治所带来的挑战，雍正等统治者对“夷”字语义进行重塑和推广，力图塑造出一种各民族相济发展的融合格局。由于马嘎尔尼等英国人对“夷”称的持续抗议和压迫，清朝统治者被迫取消“夷”字并替之以“西”“洋”“外”等词汇，反映出当时统治者从“天下共主”观念向“万国成员”观念的转变。“夷”字的语义转变及其历史命运反映出清中期现代国家建构在民族关系和国际关系维度上的早期展开方式。现代国家建构是一个包含复合要素的范畴，基于不同的要素，现代国家建构的时间、内容和方式也不同。Abstract: Modern state-building includes composite elements.Based on different elements,the content of modern state-building also varies.The transformation of the traditional concepts of the “Hua-Yi(“华夷”) segregation” and the “common ruler under the heaven” are two key steps in the process of Chinese modern state-building.These two major changes were clearly reflected on the cases of Zengjing-Lv Liuliang and Macartney's envoy to China occurred in the mid-19th century.In order to dissolve the challenges brought by Han intellectuals such as Zeng Jing to the Manchu rule,rulers such as Yongzheng reshaped the meaning of the Yi character and promoted it consciously,striving to shape a more equal and syncretic pattern among different ethnic groups.Due to the continuous protests of the British diplomatic personnel such as Macartney towards the Yi character,the Qing rulers were forced to abandon the Yi character and replace it with Xi(“西”),Yang(“洋”),and Wai(“外”),reflecting the Qing rulers’ transition from the concept of “common ruler under the heaven” to that of “member of the world nation-state system”.The semantic change and the historical fate of the Yi character reflect China’s early modern state-building in the dimensions of ethnic and international relations in the mid Qing Dynasty.
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