儒学与实用主义：内在哲学旨趣及其多样展开
Confucianism and Pragmatism: The Intrinsic Philosophical Theme and Their Diverse Developments
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摘要: 人如何存在、如何生存，是儒学与实用主义共同关注的问题。儒学要求将天道落实于人的存在过程，实用主义则主张从形而上的超验世界，转向人的生存过程。在关注人之“在”的同时，儒学与实用主义又表现出不同的特点。由理性、精神层面的关注，儒学同时追求以人格提升为指向的完美的生活；由感性、经验的注重，实用主义则更为关切与生物有机体生存相关的有效的生活。人的存在具体展开于多样的情境，但儒学由精神的关切而同时承诺本体及广义之知，实用主义则由本于经验而注目于情境中的特定问题本身，并在将概念工具化的同时趋向于融知于行。生活的完美性和生活的有效性都包含价值内涵，儒学与实用主义由此关注认识的评价之维，但儒学以是非之辩接纳了认知，实用主义则趋向于以评价消解认知。要而言之，儒学与实用主义既展示了相近的哲学旨趣，又表现出不同的思想进路。Abstract: How human being exists and lives is the common problem of concern in Confucianism and pragmatism. Confucianism demands bringing the way of Nature to bear upon the process of the human’s being, while pragmatism insists on turning from the transcendent world of metaphysics to the human’s process of existing. While focusing on human existence, Confucianism and pragmatism present different characteristics: while Confucianism focuses more on the reason and spirit in the being of humans, pragmatism focuses more on the empirical and sensible aspects of the process of living. Due to focusing on reason and spirit, Confucianism simultaneously seeks the elevation of human character and the perfection of life; due to focusing on sensibility and experience, pragmatism also concerns itself with effective living in connection with the survival of the biological organism. The spiritual and empirical dimensions of existence both concern the concrete situations of the individual’s being as well as the actions that unfold in situations, but Confucianism, due to being concerned with the spiritual dimension, remains committed to the original substance and knowing in the broader sense, while pragmatism, due to being rooted in experience and focusing on specific problems in situations, instrumentalizes concepts and simultaneously dissolves knowledge in practice. The perfection of life and the effectiveness of life both involve the significance of value, so Confucianism and pragmatism both focus on the evaluative dimension of knowing, but Confucianism incorporates cognition through the debate over the distinction between right and wrong, whereas pragmatism tends to eliminate cognition through evaluation
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