摘要:
西方哲学常被认为具有视觉中心主义的特征,实则是对象化视觉经验自古希腊起便影响着西方哲学的进程。与之相较,中国哲学自先秦便格外重视非对象化视觉经验,这在《庄子》中得到了充分展现。《庄子》把人称作有眼睛的存在,体现了对视觉重要性的自觉,但观看没有被视作对所观的单向把握,而是被理解为与所观相契的一种行动。因此,《庄子》重视眼睛之间目光接触的视觉经验,坚持从感触的角度理解视觉的正面意义。与此同时,对视觉经验中对象化的一面,《庄子》则多加反思以警惕其中的危险与限度,尤其主张在生存论上抛弃主体性凝视并在认识论上克服形式化、视角性等视觉认知的限度。此外,光亮是视觉展开的必要条件,出于抑制对象化视觉经验的旨趣,《庄子》反对“光耀”而主张“葆光”,并以“玄冥”为理想的生存与观看之境,这与柏拉图的洞穴喻形成了鲜明对比。整体来看,《庄子》的视觉经验深刻影响了《庄子》哲学义理的展开与思想品格的塑造,从视觉经验的角度切入,《庄子》哲学的内在精义与独特性将能获得基源性理解,而这对从经验出发的中国哲学研究也具有示范意义。
Abstract:
Visual experience has both a unidirectional,objectified side and an interactive,non-objectified side.Western philosophy is often considered to be visually centered,but in fact,the objectification of visual experience has influenced the development of Western philosophy since ancient Greece.In contrast,Chinese philosophy since the pre-Qin period has placed particular emphasis on non-objectified visual experience,which is fully demonstrated in the Zhuangzi.Zhuangzi referred to humans as beings with eyes,demonstrating an awareness of the importance of vision.However,Zhuangzi did not regard viewing as a one-way grasp of what is being viewed,but rather understood viewing as an action that is in harmony with what is being viewed.Therefore,Zhuangzi emphasizes the visual experience of eye contact and insists on understanding the positive significance of vision from the perspective of sensation.At the same time,Zhuangzi reflects deeply on the objectifying aspect of visual experience to warn of its dangers and limitations.In particular,Zhuangzi advocates abandoning desire-laden gazes in terms of survival and overcoming the limitations of formalized,perspective-based visual cognition in terms of epistemology.In addition,light is a necessary condition for visual perception.With the aim of suppressing objectified visual experience,Zhuangzi opposed sunlight and advocated shading light,considering obscurity to be the ideal environment for living and viewing.This contrasts sharply with Plato's allegory of the cave.Overall,Zhuangzi's visual experiences had a profound influence on the development of his philosophical ideas and the shaping of his intellectual character.From the perspective of visual experience,the intrinsic essence and uniqueness of Zhuangzi's philosophy can be understood in a fundamental way.This also serves as a model for Chinese philosophical research based on experience.