Abstract: As the largest and purest public product in the world, public governance is an important core issue that cannot be ignored in any society and any historical stage. Whether in theory or practice, the idea of public governance is inseparable from the value of a specific period and specific environmental conditions. This value-oriented idea of public governance is basically that the public resource allocation system and management mechanism arranged by decision makers tend to be certain groups and classes within the predetermined management radius. This kind of institutional arrangement that benefits a certain group is the fundamental difference between different idea of public governance. In order to clarify the scientific nature of different governance idea and find the ideal public governance system and mechanism theoretically, we establish a marginal model of public governance. Through the marginal model of public governance, under the premise that other factors remain unchanged, it objectively analyzes the pros and cons of different governance idea. In addition, based on the value results of people-oriented public governance idea and practices, the objectivity and scientific nature of the marginal model of public governance are tested. The verification found that the people-oriented public governance idea assumed by the model has a tendency to minimize the marginal cost and maximize the marginal utility, which is very consistent with the reality. At the same time, based on China’s people-oriented governance model for thousands of years, some “flourishing age” and contemporary Chinese governance schemes have in turn proved the scientific nature of the model.