现代社会“物质生产”中的"个人”与“总体”——马克思“1857-1858年手稿·导言”再解读
The “Individual” and the “Totality” within the “Material Production” of Modern Society——A Reinterpretation of Marx's “Introduction” to the “1857-1858 Manuscripts”
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摘要: “导言”是马克思“1857—1858年手稿”中“具有极端的复杂性并引发了巨大争议”的篇章，鉴于多种复杂的情形，长期以来对其文本内容的解读、思想的把握并不细致、到位和透彻。身处资本主义发展史上具有重要影响的“1857—1858年危机”之中，面对由于资本无序投机和金融动荡造成的“泡沫经济”的危局，马克思选择“物质生产”作为其政治经济学体系中占首要地位的“对象”；将“一定社会发展阶段上的生产”归结为“社会的个人的生产”，以此来阐明“物质生产”中“个人”的主体地位；基于生产方式的历史变迁并通过对近代以来多种思潮的透析，强调现代社会的“物质生产”以“独立的个人”为旨归；根据愈益复杂的社会结构提出“生产是总体”的思想，并在“生产一般”与各个历史阶段的“特殊形式”之间的内在关联、不同生产类型和部门的整体统摄的意义上加以把握。马克思的这些思考对于当今全球化时代仍具有强大的解释力、批判功能和方法论启示。
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关键词:
- 1857-1858年危机 /
- 物质生产 /
- 独立的个人 /
- 总体
Abstract: The “Introduction” to Marx's “1857-1858 Manuscripts” is a section “of extreme complexity and great controversy.” Due to various textual and historical factors, scholarly interpretations of its content and underlying ideas have long lacked sufficient detail, precision, and depth. Writing in the midst of the “Crisis of 1857-1858”-a major turning point in the history of capitalist development-Marx confronted the crisis of a “bubble economy” generated by unrestrained capital speculation and financial turbulence. Against this backdrop, he identified “material production” as the primary object of his system of political economy, reducing “production at a certain stage of social development” to “the production of individuals within society” in order to clarify the central role of the individual within material production. On the basis of the historical transformations of modes of production and through a critical analysis of various modern intellectual currents, Marx emphasized that “material production” in modern society ultimately aims at the realization of the independent individual. He further proposed the notion that “production is a totality”, which should be understood in terms of the internal relationship between “production in general” and its specific historical forms, as well as the integrative unity among different types and sectors of production. Marx's reflections in this regard continue to possess powerful explanatory force, critical potential, and methodological significance in the context of contemporary globalization.-
Key words:
- the crisis of 1857-1858 /
- material production /
- the independent individual /
- the totality
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