交换价值：从“为人”的用在性到“为财”的等质性的转换
——马克思《1857—1858年经济学手稿》再研究
作者简介:张一兵，南京大学文科资深教授，马克思主义社会理论研究中心研究员（江苏南京 210023）
基金项目:
本文为教育部人文社会科学研究基地重大项目“MEGA与马克思的资本主义批判研究”（22JJD710023）的阶段性成果
摘要: 劳动塑形物品所获得的使用价值的物性方面，并不属于政治经济学研究范围，只是当它在一定的生产关系之下，比如资产阶级社会的生产关系下，它成为交换价值关系的物质基础时，才是政治经济学研究的对象。一种劳动对象化在物品上的人与自然的需要−效用关系，转向与此相同关系交换的另一种人与人的物品所有权变易关系，这是马克思后来经常指认的商品存在的神秘性的缘起。商品交换活动历史地现实抽象而成的等价关系，在充当实体商品的现实交换过程中的中介时，它又不得不重新反向对象化为可见的第三物−货币。价值关系不是物，但它却通过货币的对象化物性实在表现自己，使之成为一个与商品自身不同的东西相对立。这就是经济关系中出现的现实价值关系异化，而当人所创造出来的“奴仆”却成了万能的金钱驱使和支配我们，我们跪倒在自己的创造物面前时，这就是敌我性的货币权力异化。
Exchange-Value: From the Usefulness of “For People”to the Equivalence of “For Money”— A Reexamination of Marx’s Economic Manuscripts 1857-1858
Abstract: The material aspect of the use-value obtained by labour in shaping things does not fall within the scope of the study of political economy, but is only the object of political economy when it becomes the material basis of the exchange-value relation under certain relations of production, such as those of bourgeois society. The shift from the need between human and nature: utility relation, in which labour is objectified in things, to another exchange-relation between people and people, in which the same relation is exchanged, is the origin of the mystery of the existence of the commodity that Marx later often identified. The equivalence relation, historically and objectively abstracted from the activity of commodity exchange, has to be re-objectified into a visible third object, money, when it acts as an intermediary in the real exchange process of physical commodities. The value relation is not a thing, but it expresses itself through the objectified material reality of money, making it a thing in opposition to the commodity itself. This is the alienation of the real value relations that occurs in economic relations, and the alienation of the opposite-and-me power of money when the “servant” created by human becomes the almighty money that drives and dominates us, and we kneel down to our own creation.
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